Predicted values for an object of the "difNLR" class.

S3 method for predictions from the fitted model used in the object of the "difNLR" class.

Usage

# S3 method for class 'difNLR'
predict(object, item = "all", match, group, interval = "none", CI = 0.95, ...)

Arguments

object

an object of the "difNLR" class.

item

numeric or character: either character "all" to apply for all converged items (default), or a vector of item names (column names of the Data), or item identifiers (integers specifying the column number).

match

numeric: a matching criterion for new observations.

group

numeric: a group membership variable for new observations.

interval

character: a type of interval calculation, either "none" (default) or "confidence" for confidence interval.

CI

numeric: a significance level for confidence interval (the default is 0.95 for 95% confidence interval).

...

other generic parameters for the predict() method.

References

Drabinova, A. & Martinkova, P. (2017). Detection of differential item functioning with nonlinear regression: A non-IRT approach accounting for guessing. Journal of Educational Measurement, 54(4), 498–517, doi:10.1111/jedm.12158 .

Hladka, A. & Martinkova, P. (2020). difNLR: Generalized logistic regression models for DIF and DDF detection. The R Journal, 12(1), 300–323, doi:10.32614/RJ-2020-014 .

See also

difNLR for DIF detection among binary data using the generalized logistic regression model.
predict for a generic function for prediction.

Author

Adela Hladka (nee Drabinova)
Institute of Computer Science of the Czech Academy of Sciences
hladka@cs.cas.cz

Patricia Martinkova
Institute of Computer Science of the Czech Academy of Sciences
martinkova@cs.cas.cz

Karel Zvara
Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University

Examples

if (FALSE) { # \dontrun{
# loading data
data(GMAT)
Data <- GMAT[, 1:20] # items
group <- GMAT[, "group"] # group membership variable

# testing both DIF effects using likelihood-ratio test and
# 3PL model with fixed guessing for groups
(x <- difNLR(Data, group, focal.name = 1, model = "3PLcg"))

# predicted values
summary(predict(x))
predict(x, item = 1)
predict(x, item = "Item1")

# predicted values for new observations - average score
predict(x, item = 1, match = 0, group = 0) # reference group
predict(x, item = 1, match = 0, group = 1) # focal group
predict(x, item = 1, match = 0, group = c(0, 1)) # both groups

# predicted values for new observations - various Z-scores and groups
new.match <- rep(c(-1, 0, 1), each = 2)
new.group <- rep(c(0, 1), 3)
predict(x, item = 1, match = new.match, group = new.group)

# predicted values for new observations with confidence intervals
predict(x, item = 1, match = new.match, group = new.group, interval = "confidence")
predict(x, item = c(2, 4), match = new.match, group = new.group, interval = "confidence")
} # }