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Generates dichotomous, nominal, and ordinal data based on generalized logistic regression models for DIF and DDF detection.

Usage

genNLR(N = 1000, ratio = 1, itemtype = "dich", a, b, c, d, mu = 0, sigma = 1)

Arguments

N

numeric: number of rows representing respondents. (default is 1000).

ratio

numeric: ratio of respondents number in reference and focal group.

itemtype

character: type of items to be generated. Options are "dich" (default) for dichotomous item based on non-linear regression model for DIF detection (see difNLR for details), "nominal" for nominal items based on multinomial model for DDF detection (see ddfMLR for detail), and "ordinal" for ordinal data based on adjacent category logit model (for details see difORD).

a

numeric: matrix representing discriminations with m rows (where m is number of items). Needs to be provided. See Details.

b

numeric: numeric: matrix representing difficulties with m rows (where m is number of items). Needs to be provided. See Details.

c

numeric: matrix representing guessings (lower asymptotes) with m rows (where m is number of items). Default is NULL. See Details.

d

numeric: matrix representing inattentions (upper asymptotes) with m rows (where m is number of items). Default is NULL. See Details.

mu

numeric: a mean vector of the underlying distribution. The first value corresponds to reference group, the second to focal group. Default is 0 value for both groups.

sigma

numeric: a standard deviation vector of the underlying distribution. The first value corresponds to reference group, the second to focal group. Default is 1 value for both groups.

Value

A data.frame containing N rows representing respondents and m + 1 columns representing m items. The last column is group membership variable with coding "0" for reference group and "1" for focal group.

Details

The a, b, c and d are numeric matrices with m rows (where m is number of items) representing parameters of regression models for DIF and DDF detection.

For option itemtype = "dich", matrices should have two columns. The first column represents parameters of the reference group and the second of the focal group. In case that only one column is provided, parameters are set to be the same for both groups.

For options itemtype = "nominal" and itemtype = "ordinal", matrices c and d are ignored. Matrices a and b contain parameters for distractors. For example, when item with 4 different choices is supposed to be generated, user provide matrices with 6 columns. First 3 columns correspond to distractors parameters for reference group and last three columns for focal group. The number of choices can differ for items. Matrices a and b need to consist of as many columns as is the maximum number of distractors. Items with less choices can contain NAs.

References

Drabinova, A. & Martinkova, P. (2017). Detection of differential item functioning with nonlinear regression: A non-IRT approach accounting for guessing. Journal of Educational Measurement, 54(4), 498–517, doi:10.1111/jedm.12158 .

See also

Author

Adela Hladka (nee Drabinova)
Institute of Computer Science of the Czech Academy of Sciences
Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University
hladka@cs.cas.cz

Patricia Martinkova
Institute of Computer Science of the Czech Academy of Sciences
martinkova@cs.cas.cz

Examples

# seed
set.seed(123)
# generating parameters for dichotomous data with DIF, 5 items
a <- matrix(runif(10, 0.8, 2), ncol = 2)
b <- matrix(runif(10, -2, 2), ncol = 2)
c <- matrix(runif(10, 0, 0.25), ncol = 2)
d <- matrix(runif(10, 0.8, 1), ncol = 2)
# generating dichotomous data set with 300 observations (150 each group)
genNLR(N = 300, a = a, b = b, c = c, d = d)
#>     Item1 Item2 Item3 Item4 Item5 group
#> 1       0     1     0     0     1     0
#> 2       1     1     0     1     1     0
#> 3       1     0     0     0     1     0
#> 4       0     0     0     0     0     0
#> 5       0     0     1     1     1     0
#> 6       0     0     0     0     0     0
#> 7       1     1     1     1     1     0
#> 8       0     1     0     1     1     0
#> 9       0     0     0     0     0     0
#> 10      1     1     0     0     1     0
#> 11      1     1     1     0     0     0
#> 12      1     1     0     0     0     0
#> 13      0     0     1     1     1     0
#> 14      0     1     1     1     1     0
#> 15      1     1     1     1     1     0
#> 16      1     0     0     1     1     0
#> 17      1     1     1     1     0     0
#> 18      0     1     0     0     1     0
#> 19      0     1     1     0     1     0
#> 20      0     1     0     1     0     0
#> 21      1     0     0     1     1     0
#> 22      1     1     0     0     1     0
#> 23      0     0     0     1     1     0
#> 24      0     1     1     1     0     0
#> 25      0     1     0     1     1     0
#> 26      0     0     0     0     1     0
#> 27      1     0     0     0     1     0
#> 28      0     0     1     1     0     0
#> 29      1     1     1     1     1     0
#> 30      0     1     1     1     1     0
#> 31      0     0     0     1     1     0
#> 32      0     1     1     1     0     0
#> 33      0     0     0     1     1     0
#> 34      1     1     1     1     1     0
#> 35      0     1     1     0     1     0
#> 36      0     1     1     1     0     0
#> 37      1     1     0     0     0     0
#> 38      0     1     0     1     1     0
#> 39      0     1     0     1     0     0
#> 40      0     1     0     1     1     0
#> 41      1     1     0     0     0     0
#> 42      0     1     1     0     1     0
#> 43      1     0     0     0     1     0
#> 44      1     0     0     0     1     0
#> 45      1     1     0     1     1     0
#> 46      0     0     0     0     1     0
#> 47      0     1     1     1     1     0
#> 48      0     1     0     1     1     0
#> 49      0     1     1     1     1     0
#> 50      1     1     1     1     1     0
#> 51      0     0     1     1     1     0
#> 52      0     0     0     1     1     0
#> 53      0     1     1     1     1     0
#> 54      0     0     1     0     0     0
#> 55      0     0     0     0     0     0
#> 56      1     1     1     1     1     0
#> 57      0     0     1     1     1     0
#> 58      0     0     0     0     0     0
#> 59      0     0     1     0     1     0
#> 60      0     1     0     0     1     0
#> 61      1     1     0     0     1     0
#> 62      0     1     0     1     1     0
#> 63      0     1     0     0     1     0
#> 64      1     0     0     0     0     0
#> 65      0     0     1     1     1     0
#> 66      0     1     1     1     1     0
#> 67      1     1     1     0     1     0
#> 68      0     1     0     1     1     0
#> 69      0     1     1     1     1     0
#> 70      0     1     1     1     1     0
#> 71      1     1     1     1     1     0
#> 72      0     1     1     0     1     0
#> 73      0     1     1     1     1     0
#> 74      0     0     0     1     1     0
#> 75      1     1     0     0     1     0
#> 76      0     1     0     0     1     0
#> 77      1     1     1     1     1     0
#> 78      1     1     1     1     1     0
#> 79      1     1     0     0     0     0
#> 80      0     0     0     0     1     0
#> 81      0     0     1     0     0     0
#> 82      1     0     0     1     1     0
#> 83      1     0     1     0     0     0
#> 84      1     1     0     1     1     0
#> 85      0     1     1     0     1     0
#> 86      1     1     0     1     1     0
#> 87      1     0     0     0     1     0
#> 88      0     0     0     0     0     0
#> 89      1     1     0     1     1     0
#> 90      0     1     0     0     0     0
#> 91      0     0     0     1     1     0
#> 92      1     1     1     1     1     0
#> 93      0     0     0     0     0     0
#> 94      1     1     0     1     1     0
#> 95      0     1     1     0     1     0
#> 96      0     1     0     0     1     0
#> 97      1     1     1     1     1     0
#> 98      1     0     1     0     0     0
#> 99      0     0     1     0     1     0
#> 100     0     0     0     1     0     0
#> 101     1     0     0     1     1     0
#> 102     0     1     0     1     1     0
#> 103     0     0     0     1     1     0
#> 104     0     1     0     1     1     0
#> 105     1     1     1     1     1     0
#> 106     0     0     1     1     0     0
#> 107     1     1     0     0     1     0
#> 108     0     1     1     0     1     0
#> 109     0     1     0     0     0     0
#> 110     1     0     0     0     1     0
#> 111     1     1     1     1     1     0
#> 112     0     0     0     0     1     0
#> 113     0     0     0     1     1     0
#> 114     0     1     0     0     1     0
#> 115     0     0     0     0     0     0
#> 116     0     1     1     1     1     0
#> 117     0     0     0     0     1     0
#> 118     1     1     0     0     1     0
#> 119     1     1     1     1     1     0
#> 120     0     0     0     1     1     0
#> 121     0     1     0     0     0     0
#> 122     0     1     0     0     1     0
#> 123     0     0     1     0     0     0
#> 124     0     0     0     0     1     0
#> 125     0     0     0     1     0     0
#> 126     0     1     0     0     1     0
#> 127     0     0     0     1     1     0
#> 128     0     1     0     1     1     0
#> 129     0     0     1     1     0     0
#> 130     0     0     0     0     1     0
#> 131     1     1     1     1     1     0
#> 132     1     1     1     1     0     0
#> 133     1     0     0     1     1     0
#> 134     1     1     0     1     1     0
#> 135     0     0     1     0     0     0
#> 136     0     0     1     1     1     0
#> 137     0     1     1     1     1     0
#> 138     0     1     1     1     1     0
#> 139     1     1     1     1     0     0
#> 140     1     1     0     0     1     0
#> 141     0     1     1     1     1     0
#> 142     1     0     0     0     1     0
#> 143     0     0     1     1     1     0
#> 144     1     1     1     1     1     0
#> 145     1     1     1     0     1     0
#> 146     0     1     0     1     1     0
#> 147     0     1     1     1     1     0
#> 148     0     0     1     0     1     0
#> 149     0     0     1     0     1     0
#> 150     1     1     0     0     1     0
#> 151     1     0     0     1     0     1
#> 152     0     1     1     1     0     1
#> 153     0     1     1     1     0     1
#> 154     1     1     1     0     1     1
#> 155     1     0     1     1     0     1
#> 156     0     0     0     1     0     1
#> 157     0     0     1     0     0     1
#> 158     0     1     1     1     0     1
#> 159     0     1     1     1     0     1
#> 160     0     1     1     1     0     1
#> 161     0     0     1     1     0     1
#> 162     0     1     1     1     0     1
#> 163     0     1     1     1     0     1
#> 164     0     0     1     1     0     1
#> 165     0     0     1     0     0     1
#> 166     1     1     1     0     0     1
#> 167     0     1     1     1     0     1
#> 168     0     0     0     1     0     1
#> 169     1     0     1     0     0     1
#> 170     0     1     0     0     0     1
#> 171     0     1     1     1     0     1
#> 172     0     0     0     1     0     1
#> 173     0     1     1     1     0     1
#> 174     1     1     1     1     0     1
#> 175     1     0     1     0     1     1
#> 176     1     1     1     0     0     1
#> 177     0     1     1     1     0     1
#> 178     0     1     1     0     0     1
#> 179     0     1     1     1     0     1
#> 180     0     1     1     0     0     1
#> 181     0     1     0     1     0     1
#> 182     0     1     1     1     0     1
#> 183     0     1     1     1     1     1
#> 184     1     1     0     1     0     1
#> 185     1     1     1     1     0     1
#> 186     0     1     1     0     0     1
#> 187     0     0     1     0     0     1
#> 188     0     1     0     1     0     1
#> 189     1     1     0     1     0     1
#> 190     1     1     1     1     0     1
#> 191     0     1     0     0     0     1
#> 192     1     1     1     1     0     1
#> 193     0     1     1     1     0     1
#> 194     0     1     0     0     0     1
#> 195     0     0     1     1     0     1
#> 196     0     1     1     1     1     1
#> 197     0     1     1     1     0     1
#> 198     0     1     0     1     1     1
#> 199     0     1     1     1     1     1
#> 200     0     0     1     1     0     1
#> 201     1     0     1     1     0     1
#> 202     1     1     1     0     0     1
#> 203     1     1     1     1     0     1
#> 204     0     0     1     1     0     1
#> 205     0     1     1     1     0     1
#> 206     0     1     1     1     1     1
#> 207     1     1     1     1     0     1
#> 208     0     1     1     1     0     1
#> 209     0     1     1     0     0     1
#> 210     0     1     1     0     0     1
#> 211     1     1     1     0     1     1
#> 212     1     1     1     0     0     1
#> 213     1     1     1     0     1     1
#> 214     0     0     1     1     0     1
#> 215     0     1     1     0     0     1
#> 216     0     0     0     0     0     1
#> 217     1     1     1     0     0     1
#> 218     0     1     1     1     0     1
#> 219     0     1     0     1     0     1
#> 220     1     1     1     1     0     1
#> 221     0     1     0     1     0     1
#> 222     0     1     1     1     0     1
#> 223     0     1     1     1     0     1
#> 224     0     1     1     0     0     1
#> 225     0     1     1     1     0     1
#> 226     1     1     0     0     0     1
#> 227     0     1     0     0     0     1
#> 228     0     0     1     0     0     1
#> 229     0     1     1     1     0     1
#> 230     0     0     1     0     1     1
#> 231     0     1     1     0     0     1
#> 232     0     1     1     0     0     1
#> 233     1     1     1     1     0     1
#> 234     0     0     1     1     0     1
#> 235     0     1     1     1     1     1
#> 236     0     1     1     1     0     1
#> 237     0     1     1     1     0     1
#> 238     1     1     0     1     0     1
#> 239     1     1     0     0     1     1
#> 240     0     1     0     0     0     1
#> 241     0     1     1     1     0     1
#> 242     1     1     1     1     0     1
#> 243     1     1     0     0     0     1
#> 244     0     1     1     1     0     1
#> 245     0     1     0     1     1     1
#> 246     0     1     1     1     1     1
#> 247     0     1     1     0     0     1
#> 248     0     1     1     0     1     1
#> 249     0     1     1     0     0     1
#> 250     0     1     0     0     0     1
#> 251     0     1     1     1     0     1
#> 252     1     1     1     1     0     1
#> 253     1     1     0     1     0     1
#> 254     0     1     0     1     0     1
#> 255     1     1     1     1     0     1
#> 256     1     1     0     1     0     1
#> 257     0     0     0     1     1     1
#> 258     0     1     1     0     0     1
#> 259     0     0     1     1     0     1
#> 260     1     1     1     1     0     1
#> 261     1     1     0     0     0     1
#> 262     0     1     0     0     0     1
#> 263     1     1     1     1     0     1
#> 264     0     1     1     0     1     1
#> 265     1     1     1     1     0     1
#> 266     0     0     1     1     0     1
#> 267     1     1     1     0     0     1
#> 268     0     1     1     1     0     1
#> 269     1     0     1     0     0     1
#> 270     0     1     1     1     0     1
#> 271     0     1     1     1     0     1
#> 272     0     0     0     1     0     1
#> 273     1     1     0     1     0     1
#> 274     0     1     1     1     0     1
#> 275     1     1     1     1     1     1
#> 276     1     0     1     1     0     1
#> 277     0     1     1     1     1     1
#> 278     0     1     1     0     0     1
#> 279     0     1     1     1     0     1
#> 280     0     0     1     1     1     1
#> 281     1     1     1     1     0     1
#> 282     0     1     1     0     0     1
#> 283     0     1     1     0     0     1
#> 284     1     0     1     1     0     1
#> 285     0     0     1     0     0     1
#> 286     1     1     1     0     0     1
#> 287     0     0     0     0     0     1
#> 288     0     1     1     0     0     1
#> 289     0     1     1     1     0     1
#> 290     0     1     1     1     0     1
#> 291     1     1     1     0     0     1
#> 292     0     1     1     1     0     1
#> 293     0     0     0     1     0     1
#> 294     0     1     1     0     0     1
#> 295     1     1     1     1     0     1
#> 296     0     1     1     1     0     1
#> 297     0     1     1     0     0     1
#> 298     1     1     1     0     0     1
#> 299     0     0     0     0     1     1
#> 300     0     1     1     1     0     1
# generating dichotomous data set with 300 observations (150 each group)
# and different mean and standard deviation for underlying distribution
genNLR(N = 300, a = a, b = b, c = c, d = d, mu = c(1, 0), sigma = c(1, 2))
#>     Item1 Item2 Item3 Item4 Item5 group
#> 1       1     1     1     1     0     0
#> 2       0     1     0     1     1     0
#> 3       0     1     1     0     1     0
#> 4       0     1     0     1     1     0
#> 5       0     1     1     1     1     0
#> 6       1     1     0     0     1     0
#> 7       1     1     1     1     0     0
#> 8       0     1     0     1     0     0
#> 9       0     1     0     1     1     0
#> 10      0     0     0     0     1     0
#> 11      1     1     0     1     0     0
#> 12      1     1     1     1     0     0
#> 13      0     0     0     1     1     0
#> 14      0     0     0     1     1     0
#> 15      1     1     1     0     1     0
#> 16      0     0     0     0     1     0
#> 17      0     1     0     1     1     0
#> 18      0     1     1     1     1     0
#> 19      1     1     0     0     1     0
#> 20      0     1     0     0     1     0
#> 21      1     1     1     1     1     0
#> 22      0     0     0     1     0     0
#> 23      0     1     0     1     0     0
#> 24      1     1     0     0     1     0
#> 25      1     1     0     1     1     0
#> 26      1     1     1     1     1     0
#> 27      0     1     0     1     1     0
#> 28      1     1     1     1     1     0
#> 29      0     1     1     1     0     0
#> 30      0     1     0     0     1     0
#> 31      1     1     1     1     1     0
#> 32      1     1     1     1     0     0
#> 33      0     1     0     1     1     0
#> 34      0     1     1     1     0     0
#> 35      1     1     1     0     0     0
#> 36      1     0     0     1     1     0
#> 37      1     1     0     0     1     0
#> 38      0     1     0     1     0     0
#> 39      0     0     0     0     0     0
#> 40      0     1     1     1     1     0
#> 41      0     0     1     0     1     0
#> 42      0     1     1     1     1     0
#> 43      1     1     1     1     0     0
#> 44      1     1     0     0     1     0
#> 45      0     1     1     1     1     0
#> 46      1     1     1     1     0     0
#> 47      1     0     0     0     1     0
#> 48      0     1     1     0     1     0
#> 49      0     1     1     1     1     0
#> 50      1     0     0     0     1     0
#> 51      0     0     1     1     1     0
#> 52      0     1     0     0     1     0
#> 53      1     1     1     1     1     0
#> 54      0     1     1     1     0     0
#> 55      1     1     0     1     1     0
#> 56      1     1     1     1     1     0
#> 57      0     1     1     1     1     0
#> 58      1     1     0     0     1     0
#> 59      0     1     1     1     1     0
#> 60      1     0     0     0     1     0
#> 61      1     1     1     1     1     0
#> 62      0     0     1     1     0     0
#> 63      1     1     1     0     1     0
#> 64      0     0     0     1     0     0
#> 65      1     1     0     0     1     0
#> 66      0     1     0     0     1     0
#> 67      0     0     1     1     0     0
#> 68      0     1     1     1     1     0
#> 69      1     1     0     1     1     0
#> 70      1     1     1     1     0     0
#> 71      1     1     1     1     1     0
#> 72      0     1     0     1     0     0
#> 73      1     1     1     0     1     0
#> 74      1     1     0     1     1     0
#> 75      1     1     0     1     1     0
#> 76      0     0     1     1     0     0
#> 77      0     1     1     0     0     0
#> 78      0     1     1     0     1     0
#> 79      0     1     1     1     1     0
#> 80      1     1     1     1     1     0
#> 81      0     1     1     0     1     0
#> 82      0     1     0     1     1     0
#> 83      0     1     0     1     1     0
#> 84      1     0     1     0     1     0
#> 85      1     1     1     1     1     0
#> 86      0     1     1     1     1     0
#> 87      1     1     0     1     1     0
#> 88      0     1     1     1     1     0
#> 89      0     1     0     0     1     0
#> 90      0     0     1     1     1     0
#> 91      0     1     1     1     0     0
#> 92      0     1     1     1     1     0
#> 93      1     1     1     1     1     0
#> 94      1     1     0     1     1     0
#> 95      0     1     0     1     1     0
#> 96      0     0     0     1     0     0
#> 97      0     1     0     0     1     0
#> 98      1     1     0     1     1     0
#> 99      1     1     0     1     1     0
#> 100     0     1     1     1     1     0
#> 101     1     1     1     0     1     0
#> 102     1     1     1     1     1     0
#> 103     1     1     0     0     0     0
#> 104     1     1     1     1     1     0
#> 105     1     1     1     1     0     0
#> 106     0     1     1     1     1     0
#> 107     1     1     0     1     1     0
#> 108     0     0     1     1     1     0
#> 109     0     0     0     1     1     0
#> 110     0     1     0     1     0     0
#> 111     1     1     1     0     1     0
#> 112     0     0     0     1     1     0
#> 113     0     1     1     0     1     0
#> 114     0     1     1     1     1     0
#> 115     0     1     1     1     1     0
#> 116     1     1     1     1     1     0
#> 117     0     1     0     0     0     0
#> 118     1     1     0     1     1     0
#> 119     1     1     1     1     1     0
#> 120     0     0     0     0     1     0
#> 121     1     1     0     1     1     0
#> 122     1     1     1     1     1     0
#> 123     1     1     1     1     1     0
#> 124     0     1     1     0     1     0
#> 125     1     1     1     0     1     0
#> 126     1     1     0     0     1     0
#> 127     0     1     1     1     0     0
#> 128     0     1     1     0     1     0
#> 129     0     1     0     0     1     0
#> 130     1     1     1     1     1     0
#> 131     0     1     1     1     1     0
#> 132     0     1     0     0     1     0
#> 133     1     1     0     1     1     0
#> 134     0     0     1     1     1     0
#> 135     0     1     1     1     0     0
#> 136     0     1     1     1     0     0
#> 137     0     0     0     0     0     0
#> 138     1     1     1     1     0     0
#> 139     0     1     1     1     1     0
#> 140     1     1     0     1     1     0
#> 141     0     1     1     1     1     0
#> 142     1     0     0     1     1     0
#> 143     1     1     1     0     1     0
#> 144     0     1     0     0     0     0
#> 145     0     1     1     0     1     0
#> 146     0     1     1     1     0     0
#> 147     0     0     1     0     1     0
#> 148     0     0     1     0     1     0
#> 149     0     1     1     1     1     0
#> 150     1     1     0     0     1     0
#> 151     0     1     1     1     0     1
#> 152     1     0     0     0     0     1
#> 153     0     0     0     0     0     1
#> 154     0     1     0     1     0     1
#> 155     0     0     1     0     0     1
#> 156     1     1     1     0     1     1
#> 157     0     0     1     0     0     1
#> 158     0     1     1     1     0     1
#> 159     0     1     1     1     0     1
#> 160     0     1     1     1     0     1
#> 161     1     0     1     1     0     1
#> 162     1     1     1     1     1     1
#> 163     1     0     0     1     0     1
#> 164     0     0     0     0     1     1
#> 165     1     1     1     1     0     1
#> 166     0     0     0     0     0     1
#> 167     1     1     1     1     1     1
#> 168     0     0     1     0     0     1
#> 169     1     1     1     1     0     1
#> 170     0     1     1     1     1     1
#> 171     0     0     0     0     0     1
#> 172     1     1     1     1     0     1
#> 173     0     0     1     1     1     1
#> 174     0     1     1     0     0     1
#> 175     1     1     1     0     0     1
#> 176     1     1     1     1     0     1
#> 177     1     0     1     1     0     1
#> 178     1     1     1     1     0     1
#> 179     1     1     1     0     1     1
#> 180     1     1     1     1     1     1
#> 181     1     1     1     0     0     1
#> 182     1     1     1     1     1     1
#> 183     1     1     1     1     0     1
#> 184     0     1     1     1     0     1
#> 185     0     1     1     1     0     1
#> 186     0     1     0     0     0     1
#> 187     0     0     0     0     0     1
#> 188     1     1     1     1     1     1
#> 189     0     1     0     1     0     1
#> 190     1     1     0     1     0     1
#> 191     1     1     1     0     0     1
#> 192     1     1     0     1     0     1
#> 193     0     1     1     0     0     1
#> 194     0     1     1     0     0     1
#> 195     1     1     1     1     0     1
#> 196     1     1     1     0     1     1
#> 197     0     1     0     1     0     1
#> 198     1     1     1     1     1     1
#> 199     0     1     1     0     0     1
#> 200     1     1     1     1     0     1
#> 201     1     1     1     1     1     1
#> 202     1     1     0     1     0     1
#> 203     0     0     1     0     0     1
#> 204     0     0     1     1     0     1
#> 205     0     0     0     1     0     1
#> 206     1     1     0     1     0     1
#> 207     0     0     1     1     0     1
#> 208     0     1     1     1     0     1
#> 209     0     1     1     1     0     1
#> 210     0     1     1     0     0     1
#> 211     0     1     0     1     0     1
#> 212     0     1     1     1     0     1
#> 213     1     1     1     1     0     1
#> 214     0     0     0     0     0     1
#> 215     0     1     0     0     0     1
#> 216     1     1     0     1     0     1
#> 217     0     1     1     0     0     1
#> 218     0     1     0     0     0     1
#> 219     0     0     0     0     0     1
#> 220     0     1     1     1     1     1
#> 221     1     1     1     1     0     1
#> 222     1     1     1     1     1     1
#> 223     1     1     1     0     0     1
#> 224     1     1     1     1     1     1
#> 225     1     1     1     0     0     1
#> 226     0     0     0     1     0     1
#> 227     1     1     1     1     0     1
#> 228     0     0     0     1     0     1
#> 229     0     1     1     0     0     1
#> 230     1     1     1     0     1     1
#> 231     0     0     0     0     0     1
#> 232     0     1     1     1     0     1
#> 233     0     1     1     0     0     1
#> 234     0     1     0     1     0     1
#> 235     0     1     0     0     0     1
#> 236     0     1     1     1     1     1
#> 237     1     0     0     0     0     1
#> 238     0     1     1     0     0     1
#> 239     1     0     0     0     0     1
#> 240     0     1     1     0     0     1
#> 241     0     1     1     0     0     1
#> 242     0     1     1     0     0     1
#> 243     1     1     1     1     0     1
#> 244     0     1     0     1     0     1
#> 245     0     0     0     1     0     1
#> 246     1     1     1     1     0     1
#> 247     1     1     1     0     0     1
#> 248     0     0     0     0     0     1
#> 249     1     1     1     1     1     1
#> 250     1     1     1     1     0     1
#> 251     0     0     1     1     0     1
#> 252     0     0     0     0     0     1
#> 253     0     1     1     1     1     1
#> 254     1     1     1     1     1     1
#> 255     1     1     1     1     0     1
#> 256     1     1     0     1     0     1
#> 257     0     1     1     1     0     1
#> 258     0     0     0     0     0     1
#> 259     0     1     1     1     0     1
#> 260     0     1     0     0     0     1
#> 261     0     0     1     0     0     1
#> 262     1     1     1     1     0     1
#> 263     0     1     1     1     0     1
#> 264     0     1     1     1     0     1
#> 265     0     0     1     1     0     1
#> 266     0     0     0     0     0     1
#> 267     0     1     0     1     0     1
#> 268     0     0     0     0     0     1
#> 269     1     1     0     0     0     1
#> 270     1     1     1     1     0     1
#> 271     1     1     1     1     0     1
#> 272     1     1     1     1     0     1
#> 273     0     1     1     0     0     1
#> 274     0     1     1     0     0     1
#> 275     0     0     0     0     0     1
#> 276     0     0     1     0     0     1
#> 277     1     1     0     0     0     1
#> 278     0     1     1     1     0     1
#> 279     1     0     1     1     0     1
#> 280     0     1     1     0     0     1
#> 281     0     0     1     1     0     1
#> 282     0     0     0     0     0     1
#> 283     0     0     1     1     0     1
#> 284     1     1     1     1     0     1
#> 285     0     1     1     1     0     1
#> 286     0     1     0     1     1     1
#> 287     1     1     1     0     0     1
#> 288     1     1     0     0     0     1
#> 289     0     0     1     0     0     1
#> 290     1     1     1     0     0     1
#> 291     1     1     1     1     1     1
#> 292     0     1     1     0     0     1
#> 293     1     1     1     1     1     1
#> 294     1     1     1     1     1     1
#> 295     0     1     1     0     0     1
#> 296     0     1     1     0     0     1
#> 297     1     1     1     1     1     1
#> 298     1     1     1     1     0     1
#> 299     0     0     1     1     0     1
#> 300     1     1     1     1     0     1
# generating dichotomous data set with 300 observations (250 reference group, 50 focal)
genNLR(N = 300, ratio = 5, a = a, b = b, c = c, d = d)
#>     Item1 Item2 Item3 Item4 Item5 group
#> 1       0     0     1     1     1     0
#> 2       0     0     0     0     0     0
#> 3       0     1     0     1     1     0
#> 4       0     1     0     1     1     0
#> 5       0     1     1     1     0     0
#> 6       1     1     0     1     1     0
#> 7       0     1     0     0     1     0
#> 8       0     0     0     0     1     0
#> 9       1     1     0     1     1     0
#> 10      0     1     1     1     1     0
#> 11      0     0     1     1     1     0
#> 12      1     0     0     1     1     0
#> 13      0     0     0     1     1     0
#> 14      1     1     0     1     1     0
#> 15      0     1     0     0     0     0
#> 16      0     1     0     1     1     0
#> 17      0     0     0     1     1     0
#> 18      0     0     0     0     1     0
#> 19      1     1     0     1     1     0
#> 20      0     0     0     0     1     0
#> 21      0     0     0     1     1     0
#> 22      1     0     0     1     1     0
#> 23      1     0     1     0     0     0
#> 24      0     0     0     1     0     0
#> 25      0     0     1     0     1     0
#> 26      1     0     0     0     1     0
#> 27      0     1     0     1     1     0
#> 28      0     1     0     1     1     0
#> 29      0     0     1     0     0     0
#> 30      0     1     1     1     1     0
#> 31      1     1     1     1     1     0
#> 32      0     1     1     1     1     0
#> 33      1     1     1     1     1     0
#> 34      1     1     1     1     1     0
#> 35      0     1     1     1     1     0
#> 36      0     1     1     0     1     0
#> 37      0     0     0     1     1     0
#> 38      0     0     0     1     1     0
#> 39      0     0     0     0     1     0
#> 40      0     1     0     1     1     0
#> 41      0     1     0     0     1     0
#> 42      0     1     0     1     0     0
#> 43      1     0     0     0     0     0
#> 44      0     1     1     1     0     0
#> 45      0     0     0     1     1     0
#> 46      0     0     0     1     1     0
#> 47      0     0     1     1     0     0
#> 48      0     0     0     0     1     0
#> 49      1     0     0     1     1     0
#> 50      1     0     1     0     1     0
#> 51      1     0     0     1     1     0
#> 52      0     0     1     0     0     0
#> 53      0     0     0     1     1     0
#> 54      0     0     0     0     0     0
#> 55      0     0     0     0     1     0
#> 56      0     1     0     0     1     0
#> 57      0     1     1     1     1     0
#> 58      0     0     1     1     1     0
#> 59      0     1     1     1     1     0
#> 60      0     0     1     0     1     0
#> 61      1     0     1     1     1     0
#> 62      1     0     0     1     1     0
#> 63      1     1     0     0     0     0
#> 64      1     1     1     1     1     0
#> 65      0     1     1     0     1     0
#> 66      0     0     0     0     1     0
#> 67      0     1     1     0     1     0
#> 68      1     1     1     1     1     0
#> 69      0     0     0     0     1     0
#> 70      0     1     0     0     1     0
#> 71      0     0     0     1     1     0
#> 72      1     0     0     0     1     0
#> 73      1     0     0     1     1     0
#> 74      0     1     1     1     1     0
#> 75      0     1     1     0     0     0
#> 76      0     1     1     1     1     0
#> 77      0     0     1     0     1     0
#> 78      0     1     1     0     1     0
#> 79      0     1     0     1     1     0
#> 80      0     0     1     1     1     0
#> 81      1     1     1     1     1     0
#> 82      0     0     0     0     1     0
#> 83      0     1     0     1     1     0
#> 84      0     1     0     0     1     0
#> 85      0     1     1     1     1     0
#> 86      1     1     1     1     0     0
#> 87      0     1     1     1     1     0
#> 88      0     1     0     0     1     0
#> 89      0     0     0     0     0     0
#> 90      1     1     0     1     1     0
#> 91      0     0     1     1     1     0
#> 92      0     1     0     1     1     0
#> 93      1     1     0     1     0     0
#> 94      0     1     0     1     1     0
#> 95      1     1     0     1     0     0
#> 96      0     1     1     0     0     0
#> 97      1     1     0     1     1     0
#> 98      0     0     0     0     0     0
#> 99      0     1     1     1     1     0
#> 100     1     1     1     1     1     0
#> 101     0     0     0     1     1     0
#> 102     0     1     1     0     1     0
#> 103     0     0     0     0     0     0
#> 104     0     0     0     0     1     0
#> 105     1     1     0     0     1     0
#> 106     0     1     0     0     1     0
#> 107     1     1     0     1     1     0
#> 108     0     0     0     1     1     0
#> 109     0     1     0     0     1     0
#> 110     1     0     0     1     0     0
#> 111     0     0     1     0     0     0
#> 112     0     0     0     0     1     0
#> 113     0     1     0     1     1     0
#> 114     1     1     1     1     0     0
#> 115     0     1     0     1     1     0
#> 116     1     1     1     1     0     0
#> 117     0     1     0     0     1     0
#> 118     0     1     0     1     1     0
#> 119     1     1     0     1     1     0
#> 120     0     0     0     1     1     0
#> 121     1     0     0     1     0     0
#> 122     1     1     1     1     0     0
#> 123     0     1     1     1     1     0
#> 124     0     1     0     0     0     0
#> 125     0     0     1     0     1     0
#> 126     0     0     0     0     1     0
#> 127     0     1     0     1     0     0
#> 128     0     1     0     1     1     0
#> 129     0     0     1     1     1     0
#> 130     0     0     0     0     0     0
#> 131     1     1     1     0     0     0
#> 132     0     1     1     0     1     0
#> 133     1     1     0     0     1     0
#> 134     1     0     0     1     1     0
#> 135     0     1     1     1     1     0
#> 136     1     1     0     1     1     0
#> 137     0     0     1     0     1     0
#> 138     1     1     1     1     1     0
#> 139     0     0     0     0     1     0
#> 140     0     1     1     1     0     0
#> 141     1     1     1     0     1     0
#> 142     0     0     0     0     1     0
#> 143     0     0     0     0     1     0
#> 144     0     1     0     0     1     0
#> 145     0     1     0     1     1     0
#> 146     0     1     1     0     0     0
#> 147     1     1     1     0     1     0
#> 148     0     0     0     0     1     0
#> 149     0     0     0     0     0     0
#> 150     0     1     0     0     0     0
#> 151     1     1     0     1     1     0
#> 152     0     0     0     1     1     0
#> 153     1     1     1     1     1     0
#> 154     0     0     0     0     0     0
#> 155     0     1     1     1     1     0
#> 156     0     1     0     0     1     0
#> 157     1     0     0     1     0     0
#> 158     0     1     0     1     1     0
#> 159     1     1     0     1     0     0
#> 160     0     0     0     0     0     0
#> 161     0     1     0     0     0     0
#> 162     1     0     0     1     1     0
#> 163     0     0     0     1     0     0
#> 164     0     0     0     0     1     0
#> 165     0     0     0     1     0     0
#> 166     0     1     1     1     1     0
#> 167     0     0     0     0     1     0
#> 168     0     1     1     1     1     0
#> 169     1     1     0     1     1     0
#> 170     0     1     0     1     0     0
#> 171     0     0     0     1     1     0
#> 172     1     1     1     1     1     0
#> 173     1     1     1     1     1     0
#> 174     1     0     0     0     0     0
#> 175     1     1     1     1     1     0
#> 176     1     1     1     1     0     0
#> 177     0     1     1     0     1     0
#> 178     0     0     0     0     1     0
#> 179     1     0     0     1     1     0
#> 180     0     1     1     1     0     0
#> 181     1     0     0     0     1     0
#> 182     1     0     0     1     1     0
#> 183     1     1     0     0     1     0
#> 184     0     1     0     1     0     0
#> 185     0     1     0     0     1     0
#> 186     0     1     0     1     1     0
#> 187     1     1     1     0     1     0
#> 188     0     1     1     1     0     0
#> 189     0     0     1     0     1     0
#> 190     1     0     0     0     0     0
#> 191     0     1     0     1     1     0
#> 192     1     1     0     1     1     0
#> 193     1     1     1     1     1     0
#> 194     0     0     0     0     1     0
#> 195     0     1     0     1     1     0
#> 196     1     1     0     0     0     0
#> 197     1     1     1     1     1     0
#> 198     0     1     0     1     1     0
#> 199     1     1     0     1     1     0
#> 200     1     0     0     0     1     0
#> 201     1     0     0     1     1     0
#> 202     0     0     0     0     0     0
#> 203     1     1     0     1     1     0
#> 204     1     1     0     1     1     0
#> 205     0     1     0     0     1     0
#> 206     1     0     0     0     1     0
#> 207     0     1     1     1     1     0
#> 208     0     1     0     0     1     0
#> 209     1     1     0     1     1     0
#> 210     1     1     1     0     1     0
#> 211     0     1     0     1     1     0
#> 212     0     1     1     1     0     0
#> 213     1     1     0     0     1     0
#> 214     1     0     0     0     1     0
#> 215     0     0     0     0     1     0
#> 216     0     0     0     1     1     0
#> 217     0     1     1     0     1     0
#> 218     1     1     0     0     1     0
#> 219     0     0     1     1     1     0
#> 220     0     0     0     1     1     0
#> 221     0     0     0     0     1     0
#> 222     1     1     0     0     1     0
#> 223     0     0     0     1     0     0
#> 224     0     1     1     1     1     0
#> 225     0     1     0     0     1     0
#> 226     1     0     0     1     1     0
#> 227     0     0     0     0     1     0
#> 228     0     0     0     1     1     0
#> 229     0     1     0     0     1     0
#> 230     0     1     0     1     1     0
#> 231     0     0     0     0     0     0
#> 232     0     1     1     0     1     0
#> 233     0     1     1     1     1     0
#> 234     1     0     0     0     0     0
#> 235     0     1     1     1     1     0
#> 236     0     1     0     1     1     0
#> 237     1     1     0     1     1     0
#> 238     1     0     0     1     1     0
#> 239     1     1     1     0     1     0
#> 240     0     0     0     0     1     0
#> 241     0     0     0     0     1     0
#> 242     0     1     1     1     1     0
#> 243     0     0     1     1     1     0
#> 244     0     0     0     0     1     0
#> 245     0     0     0     0     0     0
#> 246     0     0     0     0     1     0
#> 247     1     1     1     1     1     0
#> 248     0     1     0     0     1     0
#> 249     0     1     1     1     1     0
#> 250     0     0     1     0     1     0
#> 251     0     0     1     0     1     1
#> 252     0     1     1     0     0     1
#> 253     1     1     1     1     0     1
#> 254     1     1     1     1     1     1
#> 255     1     1     1     1     0     1
#> 256     0     1     1     0     0     1
#> 257     1     1     1     0     0     1
#> 258     0     1     1     0     0     1
#> 259     0     1     1     0     0     1
#> 260     0     0     1     1     1     1
#> 261     0     1     1     0     0     1
#> 262     1     0     1     0     0     1
#> 263     0     0     1     0     0     1
#> 264     0     0     1     1     0     1
#> 265     1     1     1     1     0     1
#> 266     0     1     0     1     0     1
#> 267     0     1     1     1     0     1
#> 268     0     1     1     0     0     1
#> 269     1     1     0     0     0     1
#> 270     1     1     1     1     0     1
#> 271     0     1     0     1     0     1
#> 272     0     0     1     1     0     1
#> 273     1     1     1     0     1     1
#> 274     0     1     0     0     0     1
#> 275     0     1     1     1     0     1
#> 276     0     0     1     1     0     1
#> 277     1     1     1     1     0     1
#> 278     0     1     1     1     0     1
#> 279     0     1     1     1     1     1
#> 280     0     0     1     0     0     1
#> 281     0     1     1     0     0     1
#> 282     1     0     1     1     0     1
#> 283     1     1     1     0     0     1
#> 284     0     1     1     1     0     1
#> 285     0     1     1     1     0     1
#> 286     0     0     1     0     0     1
#> 287     1     0     1     1     0     1
#> 288     1     0     0     0     0     1
#> 289     0     1     1     1     0     1
#> 290     1     1     0     1     0     1
#> 291     1     0     0     1     0     1
#> 292     0     0     1     0     0     1
#> 293     0     0     1     1     0     1
#> 294     1     1     1     1     0     1
#> 295     1     0     0     1     0     1
#> 296     0     1     0     0     0     1
#> 297     0     0     0     0     0     1
#> 298     1     0     1     1     1     1
#> 299     1     1     1     1     0     1
#> 300     0     1     1     0     0     1

# generating parameters for nominal data with DDF, 5 items,
# each item 3 choices
a <- matrix(runif(20, 0.8, 2), ncol = 4)
b <- matrix(runif(20, -2, 2), ncol = 4)
# generating nominal data set with 300 observations (150 each group)
genNLR(N = 300, itemtype = "nominal", a = a, b = b)
#>     Item1 Item2 Item3 Item4 Item5 group
#> 1       A     B     A     A     B     0
#> 2       A     C     B     C     B     0
#> 3       A     B     A     B     B     0
#> 4       A     B     A     A     B     0
#> 5       B     A     B     B     B     0
#> 6       A     B     A     A     B     0
#> 7       B     A     A     B     A     0
#> 8       B     A     A     C     B     0
#> 9       A     A     A     B     A     0
#> 10      A     A     A     B     B     0
#> 11      B     C     A     B     B     0
#> 12      A     B     A     A     B     0
#> 13      B     B     A     A     C     0
#> 14      A     A     A     A     A     0
#> 15      C     C     C     A     C     0
#> 16      A     A     A     A     A     0
#> 17      A     B     A     B     B     0
#> 18      A     A     A     B     B     0
#> 19      C     B     A     B     B     0
#> 20      B     A     A     B     B     0
#> 21      B     B     A     B     B     0
#> 22      A     A     A     A     B     0
#> 23      A     B     A     A     C     0
#> 24      A     A     A     A     B     0
#> 25      A     A     A     B     A     0
#> 26      B     A     A     A     A     0
#> 27      A     A     A     A     A     0
#> 28      A     A     A     A     A     0
#> 29      A     A     A     A     A     0
#> 30      A     A     A     A     A     0
#> 31      A     A     A     B     A     0
#> 32      B     A     A     B     A     0
#> 33      B     B     A     A     B     0
#> 34      C     B     A     A     B     0
#> 35      A     B     A     B     B     0
#> 36      B     B     A     C     B     0
#> 37      A     A     A     A     A     0
#> 38      C     A     B     B     C     0
#> 39      C     B     A     C     A     0
#> 40      B     A     A     A     A     0
#> 41      A     A     A     C     B     0
#> 42      A     A     B     B     A     0
#> 43      B     C     A     B     B     0
#> 44      A     A     A     A     B     0
#> 45      A     B     A     B     B     0
#> 46      A     C     B     C     C     0
#> 47      B     B     A     C     A     0
#> 48      B     B     B     B     C     0
#> 49      A     A     B     A     B     0
#> 50      B     A     B     B     B     0
#> 51      B     B     A     A     A     0
#> 52      B     A     B     A     C     0
#> 53      B     A     A     A     A     0
#> 54      B     B     A     B     A     0
#> 55      C     C     C     B     C     0
#> 56      A     B     A     A     A     0
#> 57      A     A     A     C     A     0
#> 58      A     B     A     B     A     0
#> 59      C     C     C     C     C     0
#> 60      B     A     A     B     B     0
#> 61      A     A     B     A     B     0
#> 62      A     B     A     C     B     0
#> 63      A     A     A     A     A     0
#> 64      A     A     A     A     A     0
#> 65      A     B     A     B     C     0
#> 66      A     A     A     A     B     0
#> 67      B     A     A     A     A     0
#> 68      A     A     A     A     A     0
#> 69      A     C     A     B     A     0
#> 70      B     B     B     C     C     0
#> 71      C     B     B     A     C     0
#> 72      A     A     A     C     B     0
#> 73      A     A     B     A     A     0
#> 74      A     B     A     A     A     0
#> 75      A     C     B     B     C     0
#> 76      A     B     A     A     B     0
#> 77      A     A     A     B     A     0
#> 78      C     C     B     C     A     0
#> 79      B     B     A     A     A     0
#> 80      C     B     B     B     C     0
#> 81      A     C     B     C     B     0
#> 82      B     A     A     A     A     0
#> 83      B     A     A     B     B     0
#> 84      B     B     A     B     A     0
#> 85      A     C     A     A     B     0
#> 86      A     A     B     A     B     0
#> 87      A     A     A     A     B     0
#> 88      C     C     A     C     B     0
#> 89      A     B     C     C     C     0
#> 90      B     C     B     C     B     0
#> 91      C     C     C     C     B     0
#> 92      C     C     C     C     C     0
#> 93      A     C     B     C     B     0
#> 94      B     B     A     B     C     0
#> 95      B     C     A     C     B     0
#> 96      A     A     A     B     B     0
#> 97      A     A     A     B     A     0
#> 98      A     A     A     A     A     0
#> 99      A     A     A     B     B     0
#> 100     A     A     A     A     B     0
#> 101     B     C     B     C     B     0
#> 102     B     B     B     A     B     0
#> 103     C     B     A     B     B     0
#> 104     B     A     A     B     A     0
#> 105     A     A     A     A     A     0
#> 106     A     A     A     A     C     0
#> 107     A     B     B     A     B     0
#> 108     C     C     C     C     C     0
#> 109     A     A     A     B     B     0
#> 110     B     B     A     B     A     0
#> 111     B     C     A     A     B     0
#> 112     A     A     A     A     A     0
#> 113     B     B     A     B     A     0
#> 114     B     C     B     A     B     0
#> 115     B     C     A     B     C     0
#> 116     B     B     B     A     C     0
#> 117     B     A     B     A     A     0
#> 118     C     A     A     B     B     0
#> 119     A     B     A     B     C     0
#> 120     A     A     A     A     A     0
#> 121     B     A     A     B     A     0
#> 122     B     A     A     B     C     0
#> 123     B     B     B     B     B     0
#> 124     B     A     A     A     C     0
#> 125     A     B     A     B     A     0
#> 126     A     A     A     B     A     0
#> 127     C     C     C     C     C     0
#> 128     C     C     B     C     C     0
#> 129     A     A     A     A     B     0
#> 130     A     A     A     A     A     0
#> 131     B     B     A     C     C     0
#> 132     A     C     A     C     B     0
#> 133     C     C     B     C     C     0
#> 134     A     A     A     A     A     0
#> 135     C     C     B     B     B     0
#> 136     A     A     A     A     B     0
#> 137     A     A     A     A     A     0
#> 138     B     C     A     B     C     0
#> 139     A     A     A     B     B     0
#> 140     A     A     A     A     A     0
#> 141     A     A     A     C     B     0
#> 142     C     C     A     A     B     0
#> 143     A     B     A     C     A     0
#> 144     A     A     A     B     A     0
#> 145     A     A     A     A     A     0
#> 146     C     B     B     B     C     0
#> 147     A     B     A     A     B     0
#> 148     B     C     A     B     B     0
#> 149     A     A     B     A     A     0
#> 150     A     B     A     B     B     0
#> 151     B     A     A     B     A     1
#> 152     A     A     A     A     A     1
#> 153     A     A     A     A     A     1
#> 154     B     B     A     A     A     1
#> 155     B     A     A     A     A     1
#> 156     B     A     A     A     A     1
#> 157     B     B     B     A     A     1
#> 158     A     B     A     A     A     1
#> 159     B     A     A     A     A     1
#> 160     A     A     A     A     B     1
#> 161     A     A     A     B     A     1
#> 162     A     B     A     B     A     1
#> 163     A     A     A     A     A     1
#> 164     A     B     A     A     A     1
#> 165     B     B     C     B     A     1
#> 166     B     C     A     A     A     1
#> 167     B     C     B     A     B     1
#> 168     B     B     A     A     A     1
#> 169     C     B     B     A     A     1
#> 170     A     C     B     A     A     1
#> 171     C     C     B     A     B     1
#> 172     B     A     A     A     A     1
#> 173     A     A     A     B     A     1
#> 174     A     C     A     B     A     1
#> 175     A     B     A     A     A     1
#> 176     A     A     A     A     A     1
#> 177     B     C     B     C     B     1
#> 178     A     B     A     A     A     1
#> 179     B     A     A     A     A     1
#> 180     A     A     A     B     A     1
#> 181     A     A     A     A     A     1
#> 182     A     B     B     A     A     1
#> 183     A     A     A     A     A     1
#> 184     B     A     A     A     A     1
#> 185     C     C     B     C     A     1
#> 186     A     B     A     B     B     1
#> 187     B     A     A     A     A     1
#> 188     A     B     A     A     A     1
#> 189     A     A     A     A     A     1
#> 190     A     A     A     A     A     1
#> 191     A     B     A     A     A     1
#> 192     B     B     B     C     A     1
#> 193     A     B     A     B     A     1
#> 194     A     C     A     B     A     1
#> 195     B     A     A     A     A     1
#> 196     A     B     A     A     A     1
#> 197     B     A     A     A     A     1
#> 198     A     B     C     A     A     1
#> 199     A     A     A     B     A     1
#> 200     A     B     A     A     A     1
#> 201     A     B     B     A     B     1
#> 202     A     B     B     A     A     1
#> 203     A     A     A     A     A     1
#> 204     B     A     A     A     A     1
#> 205     B     C     A     B     A     1
#> 206     A     B     A     A     A     1
#> 207     A     C     B     A     A     1
#> 208     A     B     A     A     A     1
#> 209     A     B     A     A     A     1
#> 210     C     B     A     C     A     1
#> 211     B     C     A     A     B     1
#> 212     A     A     A     A     A     1
#> 213     A     B     A     B     A     1
#> 214     B     B     A     B     A     1
#> 215     A     A     A     A     A     1
#> 216     A     B     A     A     A     1
#> 217     B     B     B     B     A     1
#> 218     C     C     B     A     A     1
#> 219     B     B     B     C     A     1
#> 220     A     B     A     B     A     1
#> 221     A     A     A     A     A     1
#> 222     A     B     A     B     A     1
#> 223     B     B     A     A     A     1
#> 224     C     B     B     A     A     1
#> 225     A     B     B     A     A     1
#> 226     B     B     A     A     A     1
#> 227     B     C     B     B     A     1
#> 228     A     A     A     A     A     1
#> 229     A     A     A     A     A     1
#> 230     A     A     A     B     A     1
#> 231     A     A     A     A     A     1
#> 232     B     B     C     B     B     1
#> 233     A     B     A     A     A     1
#> 234     A     A     A     A     A     1
#> 235     A     A     A     A     B     1
#> 236     B     A     A     A     A     1
#> 237     C     B     B     B     A     1
#> 238     A     B     A     A     A     1
#> 239     C     C     C     C     B     1
#> 240     B     A     A     B     A     1
#> 241     A     A     A     A     A     1
#> 242     A     B     A     A     A     1
#> 243     B     C     B     C     B     1
#> 244     A     A     A     A     A     1
#> 245     A     A     B     B     A     1
#> 246     B     B     A     B     A     1
#> 247     C     C     C     C     B     1
#> 248     A     B     A     B     A     1
#> 249     A     C     A     B     A     1
#> 250     A     B     A     A     A     1
#> 251     A     A     B     A     A     1
#> 252     B     C     A     B     A     1
#> 253     B     A     A     A     A     1
#> 254     A     B     A     A     A     1
#> 255     B     B     A     A     A     1
#> 256     B     A     A     A     A     1
#> 257     B     B     A     B     A     1
#> 258     A     A     A     A     A     1
#> 259     A     B     B     A     B     1
#> 260     A     C     B     A     A     1
#> 261     A     A     A     A     A     1
#> 262     A     A     A     A     A     1
#> 263     A     A     A     A     A     1
#> 264     A     B     A     A     A     1
#> 265     A     A     A     A     A     1
#> 266     B     C     B     A     B     1
#> 267     A     A     A     A     A     1
#> 268     A     A     A     A     A     1
#> 269     B     B     A     B     A     1
#> 270     A     A     A     A     A     1
#> 271     A     A     B     A     A     1
#> 272     A     A     A     A     A     1
#> 273     B     B     B     A     A     1
#> 274     A     A     A     A     A     1
#> 275     C     C     B     C     A     1
#> 276     A     A     A     A     A     1
#> 277     A     B     B     B     B     1
#> 278     A     C     A     A     A     1
#> 279     A     B     A     A     A     1
#> 280     B     C     B     B     A     1
#> 281     B     B     B     A     A     1
#> 282     A     A     B     A     A     1
#> 283     B     A     A     A     A     1
#> 284     A     A     A     A     A     1
#> 285     C     C     B     B     B     1
#> 286     A     A     A     A     A     1
#> 287     A     A     A     A     A     1
#> 288     A     C     A     C     A     1
#> 289     A     A     A     A     A     1
#> 290     A     A     A     A     A     1
#> 291     B     C     B     C     A     1
#> 292     B     B     B     B     A     1
#> 293     B     C     C     C     B     1
#> 294     A     A     A     B     A     1
#> 295     B     C     A     C     A     1
#> 296     A     B     A     A     A     1
#> 297     A     B     A     A     A     1
#> 298     A     B     A     A     A     1
#> 299     A     A     B     A     A     1
#> 300     A     A     A     B     A     1
# generating nominal data set with 300 observations (250 reference group, 50 focal)
genNLR(N = 300, itemtype = "nominal", ratio = 5, a = a, b = b)
#>     Item1 Item2 Item3 Item4 Item5 group
#> 1       B     A     A     B     B     0
#> 2       A     A     A     A     C     0
#> 3       A     B     B     B     A     0
#> 4       C     B     A     B     A     0
#> 5       B     B     A     A     B     0
#> 6       B     A     A     B     A     0
#> 7       C     B     A     C     B     0
#> 8       B     B     A     C     B     0
#> 9       A     C     A     A     B     0
#> 10      A     C     C     B     B     0
#> 11      B     A     A     A     A     0
#> 12      A     B     A     B     B     0
#> 13      A     A     A     C     A     0
#> 14      A     A     A     A     B     0
#> 15      A     A     A     A     B     0
#> 16      A     A     A     A     A     0
#> 17      C     B     A     C     A     0
#> 18      B     A     B     A     B     0
#> 19      B     C     A     B     C     0
#> 20      A     A     A     B     B     0
#> 21      B     A     A     B     C     0
#> 22      A     A     A     A     A     0
#> 23      C     A     A     C     B     0
#> 24      A     C     C     C     B     0
#> 25      A     A     A     A     B     0
#> 26      C     B     A     B     B     0
#> 27      A     A     A     B     A     0
#> 28      A     B     A     B     A     0
#> 29      A     A     A     B     A     0
#> 30      C     C     C     C     B     0
#> 31      C     C     A     B     C     0
#> 32      A     A     A     B     A     0
#> 33      B     B     A     B     A     0
#> 34      A     B     C     C     B     0
#> 35      A     A     A     A     C     0
#> 36      A     B     B     B     A     0
#> 37      A     A     A     A     A     0
#> 38      A     B     B     A     C     0
#> 39      B     B     A     B     B     0
#> 40      C     B     A     A     A     0
#> 41      A     A     A     A     B     0
#> 42      A     B     B     C     C     0
#> 43      B     A     A     B     A     0
#> 44      A     A     A     B     A     0
#> 45      B     B     A     B     B     0
#> 46      A     A     A     A     B     0
#> 47      A     B     B     B     A     0
#> 48      A     B     A     B     C     0
#> 49      A     A     A     A     B     0
#> 50      A     A     A     A     A     0
#> 51      A     A     A     B     A     0
#> 52      A     A     A     A     B     0
#> 53      B     B     A     C     B     0
#> 54      C     C     C     B     C     0
#> 55      A     A     A     A     A     0
#> 56      B     B     B     B     C     0
#> 57      C     C     B     A     A     0
#> 58      A     A     A     A     B     0
#> 59      A     A     B     A     B     0
#> 60      A     A     A     A     A     0
#> 61      A     A     A     A     B     0
#> 62      A     A     C     A     B     0
#> 63      B     A     A     A     B     0
#> 64      A     B     A     A     B     0
#> 65      A     A     A     A     C     0
#> 66      A     A     A     A     A     0
#> 67      A     A     B     A     B     0
#> 68      A     A     A     B     B     0
#> 69      A     C     B     B     C     0
#> 70      A     A     A     A     B     0
#> 71      C     C     C     C     C     0
#> 72      A     A     A     C     B     0
#> 73      B     A     A     A     C     0
#> 74      A     C     A     B     B     0
#> 75      A     A     A     B     B     0
#> 76      A     A     A     A     A     0
#> 77      B     B     B     A     B     0
#> 78      B     A     B     C     C     0
#> 79      B     B     B     C     B     0
#> 80      A     A     A     A     C     0
#> 81      A     A     A     A     A     0
#> 82      B     B     A     C     A     0
#> 83      B     A     A     A     B     0
#> 84      C     C     A     B     C     0
#> 85      C     B     A     B     B     0
#> 86      A     A     A     A     A     0
#> 87      A     A     A     A     A     0
#> 88      C     B     B     C     B     0
#> 89      B     C     B     C     C     0
#> 90      A     B     A     C     A     0
#> 91      A     A     A     A     A     0
#> 92      C     C     B     B     C     0
#> 93      C     C     B     C     B     0
#> 94      B     C     A     B     B     0
#> 95      B     A     A     A     A     0
#> 96      A     B     A     B     B     0
#> 97      A     A     A     B     A     0
#> 98      B     B     B     C     B     0
#> 99      B     C     A     C     B     0
#> 100     A     A     A     A     A     0
#> 101     A     A     B     C     C     0
#> 102     B     B     A     B     B     0
#> 103     C     B     C     B     B     0
#> 104     B     B     A     B     C     0
#> 105     A     C     B     B     A     0
#> 106     C     C     B     C     C     0
#> 107     B     C     B     B     B     0
#> 108     B     B     A     B     C     0
#> 109     B     A     A     A     A     0
#> 110     A     A     A     A     B     0
#> 111     A     B     B     B     B     0
#> 112     A     A     B     B     A     0
#> 113     A     B     A     A     A     0
#> 114     A     A     A     A     A     0
#> 115     B     B     B     A     C     0
#> 116     A     A     A     A     B     0
#> 117     B     A     A     C     B     0
#> 118     B     B     A     B     C     0
#> 119     B     B     C     C     C     0
#> 120     C     A     A     B     C     0
#> 121     C     B     B     A     A     0
#> 122     B     B     B     C     C     0
#> 123     B     C     A     B     C     0
#> 124     B     A     A     A     C     0
#> 125     A     A     A     A     B     0
#> 126     C     C     A     B     B     0
#> 127     B     A     A     B     A     0
#> 128     A     B     B     B     C     0
#> 129     A     A     A     A     A     0
#> 130     A     A     A     B     B     0
#> 131     A     A     A     A     B     0
#> 132     B     B     B     C     B     0
#> 133     A     B     A     B     A     0
#> 134     A     A     A     B     A     0
#> 135     B     B     A     C     A     0
#> 136     A     A     A     A     A     0
#> 137     B     B     A     A     A     0
#> 138     A     A     A     A     A     0
#> 139     B     B     A     B     C     0
#> 140     C     C     C     A     B     0
#> 141     C     C     C     C     C     0
#> 142     B     C     B     A     B     0
#> 143     A     A     A     A     A     0
#> 144     A     A     A     A     A     0
#> 145     A     A     B     B     A     0
#> 146     A     A     A     B     B     0
#> 147     B     B     B     B     B     0
#> 148     A     C     A     B     B     0
#> 149     B     C     B     A     B     0
#> 150     B     C     B     B     B     0
#> 151     B     C     C     B     B     0
#> 152     B     C     A     A     A     0
#> 153     B     A     B     B     A     0
#> 154     A     A     A     A     B     0
#> 155     A     A     A     A     A     0
#> 156     C     C     C     B     C     0
#> 157     B     B     A     A     B     0
#> 158     B     B     A     C     A     0
#> 159     A     C     B     B     B     0
#> 160     C     B     B     B     C     0
#> 161     B     A     A     B     B     0
#> 162     C     C     B     C     C     0
#> 163     A     A     A     B     C     0
#> 164     B     B     B     C     B     0
#> 165     A     A     A     A     A     0
#> 166     B     C     A     B     C     0
#> 167     B     A     A     B     B     0
#> 168     B     C     B     C     C     0
#> 169     B     B     A     A     A     0
#> 170     A     A     A     A     B     0
#> 171     A     B     B     B     B     0
#> 172     A     A     A     A     A     0
#> 173     B     C     A     B     C     0
#> 174     A     A     B     B     A     0
#> 175     C     A     A     B     C     0
#> 176     B     B     B     B     C     0
#> 177     A     B     A     B     A     0
#> 178     B     B     A     A     C     0
#> 179     A     B     A     B     B     0
#> 180     A     B     C     A     B     0
#> 181     B     A     A     B     B     0
#> 182     A     A     A     A     A     0
#> 183     A     A     A     B     A     0
#> 184     B     A     A     B     B     0
#> 185     C     A     A     A     B     0
#> 186     A     A     A     A     A     0
#> 187     A     B     A     A     A     0
#> 188     A     A     B     A     B     0
#> 189     A     A     A     B     B     0
#> 190     A     B     A     B     B     0
#> 191     A     A     A     A     A     0
#> 192     A     A     A     A     A     0
#> 193     B     A     B     B     A     0
#> 194     A     B     A     A     B     0
#> 195     C     B     B     B     B     0
#> 196     A     B     A     C     B     0
#> 197     B     A     C     A     B     0
#> 198     A     C     C     C     B     0
#> 199     A     A     A     A     A     0
#> 200     B     B     B     C     B     0
#> 201     A     A     A     A     A     0
#> 202     B     B     A     C     C     0
#> 203     B     B     B     B     B     0
#> 204     A     B     A     A     A     0
#> 205     A     A     A     C     B     0
#> 206     B     C     A     B     C     0
#> 207     A     A     A     A     B     0
#> 208     C     B     B     C     C     0
#> 209     C     C     A     B     C     0
#> 210     B     C     A     C     B     0
#> 211     B     A     B     B     B     0
#> 212     A     A     A     A     C     0
#> 213     B     B     A     B     C     0
#> 214     A     B     A     B     B     0
#> 215     B     A     A     B     A     0
#> 216     A     A     A     A     C     0
#> 217     B     B     B     B     B     0
#> 218     C     B     C     B     C     0
#> 219     B     C     A     B     B     0
#> 220     C     C     B     C     C     0
#> 221     A     A     A     B     A     0
#> 222     A     A     A     A     A     0
#> 223     C     C     A     B     C     0
#> 224     B     C     A     B     C     0
#> 225     B     C     A     B     C     0
#> 226     A     A     A     A     B     0
#> 227     B     A     A     B     A     0
#> 228     A     B     A     A     B     0
#> 229     A     A     A     A     A     0
#> 230     B     A     B     B     C     0
#> 231     A     A     A     A     B     0
#> 232     B     C     A     C     C     0
#> 233     B     A     B     C     B     0
#> 234     A     C     B     A     B     0
#> 235     A     B     B     B     A     0
#> 236     C     C     B     B     C     0
#> 237     A     A     A     A     A     0
#> 238     C     C     A     B     C     0
#> 239     B     A     B     A     B     0
#> 240     A     A     A     A     B     0
#> 241     A     A     A     B     B     0
#> 242     A     A     A     B     A     0
#> 243     A     B     B     B     B     0
#> 244     B     A     B     C     C     0
#> 245     C     C     B     C     C     0
#> 246     B     C     B     C     B     0
#> 247     B     C     C     C     B     0
#> 248     C     B     B     B     B     0
#> 249     A     A     A     A     A     0
#> 250     A     A     B     B     A     0
#> 251     A     B     A     A     B     1
#> 252     A     A     A     A     A     1
#> 253     B     B     A     B     A     1
#> 254     A     B     A     A     A     1
#> 255     B     B     B     A     A     1
#> 256     A     A     A     B     A     1
#> 257     A     C     B     A     A     1
#> 258     A     A     A     A     A     1
#> 259     A     A     A     A     A     1
#> 260     B     B     A     A     A     1
#> 261     A     A     A     A     A     1
#> 262     A     C     B     A     B     1
#> 263     B     A     A     A     A     1
#> 264     A     C     C     B     C     1
#> 265     A     B     A     A     A     1
#> 266     A     A     A     A     A     1
#> 267     A     A     A     A     A     1
#> 268     A     A     A     B     A     1
#> 269     A     A     A     A     A     1
#> 270     C     C     B     C     B     1
#> 271     A     A     A     A     A     1
#> 272     A     B     A     B     B     1
#> 273     A     A     A     A     A     1
#> 274     B     B     A     A     A     1
#> 275     A     A     A     A     A     1
#> 276     B     C     A     A     A     1
#> 277     A     A     A     A     A     1
#> 278     B     A     A     A     A     1
#> 279     A     A     A     A     A     1
#> 280     B     C     A     C     A     1
#> 281     A     B     A     A     A     1
#> 282     B     C     A     B     A     1
#> 283     A     A     A     A     A     1
#> 284     B     B     A     B     A     1
#> 285     A     B     A     A     A     1
#> 286     A     A     A     A     A     1
#> 287     A     A     B     A     B     1
#> 288     A     B     A     A     A     1
#> 289     A     B     A     B     A     1
#> 290     A     A     A     A     A     1
#> 291     B     B     A     B     A     1
#> 292     B     C     B     C     A     1
#> 293     A     B     A     C     A     1
#> 294     B     B     B     C     A     1
#> 295     A     A     A     A     A     1
#> 296     A     A     B     B     A     1
#> 297     A     A     A     A     A     1
#> 298     A     A     A     A     A     1
#> 299     A     A     A     A     A     1
#> 300     A     A     A     B     A     1

# generating parameters for nominal data with DDF, 5 items,
# items 1 and 2 have 2 choices, items 3, 4 and 5 have 3 choices
a <- matrix(runif(20, 0.8, 2), ncol = 4)
a[1:2, c(2, 4)] <- NA
b <- matrix(runif(20, -2, 2), ncol = 4)
b[1:2, c(2, 4)] <- NA
# generating nominal data set with 300 observations (150 each group)
genNLR(N = 300, itemtype = "nominal", a = a, b = b)
#>     Item1 Item2 Item3 Item4 Item5 group
#> 1       A     A     A     A     A     0
#> 2       B     B     A     A     C     0
#> 3       B     B     C     B     B     0
#> 4       A     B     A     A     B     0
#> 5       A     B     B     A     C     0
#> 6       A     B     A     B     B     0
#> 7       A     B     A     B     C     0
#> 8       A     A     A     B     C     0
#> 9       A     B     A     A     B     0
#> 10      A     B     B     B     C     0
#> 11      B     B     A     B     C     0
#> 12      A     B     A     A     A     0
#> 13      A     A     A     A     C     0
#> 14      B     B     B     B     C     0
#> 15      B     B     C     C     C     0
#> 16      B     B     B     C     C     0
#> 17      A     B     B     A     B     0
#> 18      A     B     A     A     B     0
#> 19      A     A     B     A     A     0
#> 20      A     A     B     B     B     0
#> 21      A     B     A     B     B     0
#> 22      B     B     A     B     C     0
#> 23      A     B     B     A     C     0
#> 24      A     B     C     B     C     0
#> 25      B     B     B     B     C     0
#> 26      A     A     A     B     B     0
#> 27      B     B     C     B     C     0
#> 28      B     B     B     B     C     0
#> 29      A     A     A     B     B     0
#> 30      B     B     B     B     A     0
#> 31      B     B     A     A     B     0
#> 32      B     B     C     B     C     0
#> 33      A     B     A     A     A     0
#> 34      B     B     A     B     C     0
#> 35      A     B     A     B     A     0
#> 36      B     B     A     B     B     0
#> 37      A     B     A     B     C     0
#> 38      B     B     A     B     C     0
#> 39      A     B     A     A     A     0
#> 40      A     B     B     B     B     0
#> 41      A     A     A     A     B     0
#> 42      B     B     B     A     C     0
#> 43      B     A     B     C     B     0
#> 44      B     B     A     A     B     0
#> 45      A     A     B     A     B     0
#> 46      A     B     A     A     B     0
#> 47      A     B     A     C     C     0
#> 48      A     A     A     B     B     0
#> 49      B     B     A     A     C     0
#> 50      A     B     A     A     C     0
#> 51      B     B     C     A     B     0
#> 52      A     B     B     A     C     0
#> 53      B     B     A     A     B     0
#> 54      B     B     C     C     B     0
#> 55      B     B     A     C     C     0
#> 56      A     A     B     B     C     0
#> 57      B     B     B     B     C     0
#> 58      A     B     B     C     C     0
#> 59      A     A     A     A     A     0
#> 60      B     B     B     A     C     0
#> 61      B     B     B     B     B     0
#> 62      B     B     A     C     C     0
#> 63      B     A     A     B     B     0
#> 64      B     A     A     B     A     0
#> 65      A     B     A     B     B     0
#> 66      B     B     B     C     C     0
#> 67      A     A     A     A     B     0
#> 68      A     B     C     A     B     0
#> 69      B     B     A     A     B     0
#> 70      B     B     C     A     C     0
#> 71      A     B     B     B     B     0
#> 72      A     B     B     B     C     0
#> 73      A     B     A     A     A     0
#> 74      A     B     A     A     C     0
#> 75      A     B     A     B     B     0
#> 76      B     B     C     C     C     0
#> 77      A     B     A     A     B     0
#> 78      A     B     B     B     B     0
#> 79      B     B     C     B     C     0
#> 80      B     B     A     A     C     0
#> 81      B     B     C     A     C     0
#> 82      B     B     A     A     B     0
#> 83      B     B     A     A     B     0
#> 84      A     A     A     A     A     0
#> 85      A     A     A     A     A     0
#> 86      A     B     A     B     C     0
#> 87      B     A     A     A     B     0
#> 88      A     B     A     B     C     0
#> 89      A     A     A     A     A     0
#> 90      B     B     B     B     C     0
#> 91      B     B     A     B     C     0
#> 92      A     B     A     A     B     0
#> 93      B     A     A     A     A     0
#> 94      B     B     B     A     C     0
#> 95      B     B     A     C     B     0
#> 96      A     A     A     A     B     0
#> 97      B     A     B     A     B     0
#> 98      B     B     A     B     C     0
#> 99      A     B     A     A     A     0
#> 100     A     A     A     B     B     0
#> 101     B     B     B     C     C     0
#> 102     B     B     A     A     C     0
#> 103     A     B     A     A     A     0
#> 104     B     B     B     C     C     0
#> 105     B     B     A     A     A     0
#> 106     B     A     A     C     B     0
#> 107     A     B     B     B     C     0
#> 108     A     A     A     A     B     0
#> 109     A     A     A     A     A     0
#> 110     B     A     A     B     B     0
#> 111     B     B     B     B     C     0
#> 112     A     B     A     A     C     0
#> 113     A     A     A     A     A     0
#> 114     B     B     A     B     C     0
#> 115     B     B     B     A     C     0
#> 116     B     B     A     A     B     0
#> 117     B     B     C     C     C     0
#> 118     A     B     A     A     B     0
#> 119     A     B     B     A     C     0
#> 120     A     B     A     A     C     0
#> 121     A     A     A     A     A     0
#> 122     A     B     A     A     B     0
#> 123     A     B     A     A     B     0
#> 124     A     B     B     B     C     0
#> 125     B     A     A     A     B     0
#> 126     B     B     A     A     C     0
#> 127     A     B     A     A     B     0
#> 128     A     B     A     A     B     0
#> 129     B     B     A     C     C     0
#> 130     A     A     A     A     A     0
#> 131     A     A     A     A     B     0
#> 132     B     B     B     A     B     0
#> 133     A     A     A     A     A     0
#> 134     A     A     A     A     A     0
#> 135     B     B     A     B     B     0
#> 136     B     B     A     A     C     0
#> 137     A     B     A     A     A     0
#> 138     A     B     A     B     C     0
#> 139     A     B     A     A     C     0
#> 140     A     B     A     A     B     0
#> 141     B     B     B     B     B     0
#> 142     B     B     A     B     B     0
#> 143     A     B     A     B     B     0
#> 144     A     B     A     C     A     0
#> 145     A     B     A     A     C     0
#> 146     B     B     B     B     C     0
#> 147     A     B     B     A     B     0
#> 148     B     A     A     A     C     0
#> 149     B     B     A     A     B     0
#> 150     B     B     A     B     C     0
#> 151     B     B     B     A     C     1
#> 152     B     B     C     B     C     1
#> 153     B     B     B     A     C     1
#> 154     B     B     A     B     A     1
#> 155     B     B     C     B     C     1
#> 156     B     B     A     B     B     1
#> 157     B     B     A     C     C     1
#> 158     B     B     B     B     C     1
#> 159     B     B     A     A     C     1
#> 160     B     B     A     B     C     1
#> 161     B     B     A     B     C     1
#> 162     B     A     A     A     A     1
#> 163     A     B     A     A     A     1
#> 164     A     A     A     A     B     1
#> 165     A     A     A     A     B     1
#> 166     B     B     A     A     A     1
#> 167     B     B     B     B     B     1
#> 168     B     B     B     A     C     1
#> 169     B     B     A     B     C     1
#> 170     B     A     A     A     C     1
#> 171     B     B     C     A     C     1
#> 172     B     A     C     C     C     1
#> 173     B     B     A     B     B     1
#> 174     B     B     A     B     C     1
#> 175     B     B     A     A     C     1
#> 176     B     B     A     C     C     1
#> 177     B     A     A     A     A     1
#> 178     B     B     A     B     B     1
#> 179     B     B     B     A     C     1
#> 180     B     B     C     C     C     1
#> 181     B     B     C     C     C     1
#> 182     B     B     A     B     C     1
#> 183     B     B     B     A     C     1
#> 184     B     A     B     A     A     1
#> 185     B     A     A     A     C     1
#> 186     B     B     A     A     B     1
#> 187     B     A     A     A     C     1
#> 188     B     B     B     C     C     1
#> 189     B     B     B     C     B     1
#> 190     B     B     A     B     C     1
#> 191     B     B     C     B     C     1
#> 192     B     B     C     B     C     1
#> 193     B     B     B     C     C     1
#> 194     B     A     A     A     B     1
#> 195     B     B     A     B     C     1
#> 196     B     A     B     B     C     1
#> 197     B     A     A     B     A     1
#> 198     B     B     A     A     C     1
#> 199     B     B     A     B     C     1
#> 200     A     B     A     A     C     1
#> 201     B     A     A     C     C     1
#> 202     B     B     A     B     C     1
#> 203     B     B     C     B     C     1
#> 204     B     B     A     C     C     1
#> 205     B     A     A     A     C     1
#> 206     B     B     A     B     A     1
#> 207     B     B     A     B     C     1
#> 208     A     B     A     A     B     1
#> 209     B     B     A     A     B     1
#> 210     B     A     A     A     B     1
#> 211     B     B     B     A     C     1
#> 212     B     B     A     A     C     1
#> 213     B     B     A     A     C     1
#> 214     B     A     B     B     C     1
#> 215     B     B     A     A     B     1
#> 216     B     B     B     B     C     1
#> 217     B     A     C     B     C     1
#> 218     B     B     A     A     B     1
#> 219     B     B     B     B     C     1
#> 220     B     B     B     C     B     1
#> 221     A     B     B     A     C     1
#> 222     B     B     B     B     C     1
#> 223     B     B     A     A     B     1
#> 224     B     B     B     A     C     1
#> 225     B     B     A     A     C     1
#> 226     B     B     B     B     C     1
#> 227     B     A     A     A     B     1
#> 228     B     B     B     A     C     1
#> 229     B     A     A     A     A     1
#> 230     B     B     A     A     C     1
#> 231     B     B     B     B     C     1
#> 232     A     B     A     A     B     1
#> 233     B     B     A     B     B     1
#> 234     B     A     A     C     B     1
#> 235     B     B     A     A     C     1
#> 236     B     A     A     A     B     1
#> 237     B     A     A     A     C     1
#> 238     B     B     A     A     C     1
#> 239     A     A     A     A     C     1
#> 240     B     A     A     A     A     1
#> 241     A     B     A     A     B     1
#> 242     B     A     A     A     C     1
#> 243     B     B     B     B     C     1
#> 244     B     A     A     A     B     1
#> 245     B     B     B     A     C     1
#> 246     B     B     A     A     A     1
#> 247     B     B     C     C     C     1
#> 248     B     B     A     C     C     1
#> 249     B     A     A     B     A     1
#> 250     B     B     C     C     C     1
#> 251     A     B     A     A     B     1
#> 252     B     B     B     A     C     1
#> 253     A     B     A     A     C     1
#> 254     B     B     C     C     C     1
#> 255     B     B     A     A     A     1
#> 256     B     B     B     B     B     1
#> 257     B     B     A     C     C     1
#> 258     B     B     A     B     B     1
#> 259     B     B     A     A     C     1
#> 260     B     B     C     C     B     1
#> 261     B     B     C     C     C     1
#> 262     B     B     B     A     C     1
#> 263     B     B     A     A     B     1
#> 264     B     A     A     B     A     1
#> 265     B     A     B     A     C     1
#> 266     B     B     A     C     B     1
#> 267     B     A     A     A     B     1
#> 268     B     B     B     A     C     1
#> 269     B     B     A     A     C     1
#> 270     B     B     B     A     C     1
#> 271     B     A     A     A     C     1
#> 272     A     B     A     A     B     1
#> 273     B     B     A     B     C     1
#> 274     B     A     A     B     A     1
#> 275     B     B     B     B     C     1
#> 276     B     A     B     A     B     1
#> 277     B     B     A     A     C     1
#> 278     B     A     A     A     A     1
#> 279     B     A     A     A     A     1
#> 280     B     B     B     C     C     1
#> 281     A     A     A     B     C     1
#> 282     B     B     B     B     C     1
#> 283     B     B     B     B     B     1
#> 284     A     B     A     A     A     1
#> 285     A     B     A     A     C     1
#> 286     A     A     A     A     A     1
#> 287     B     A     A     A     A     1
#> 288     B     B     A     A     C     1
#> 289     B     B     A     A     B     1
#> 290     A     B     A     A     B     1
#> 291     B     B     C     B     C     1
#> 292     B     B     C     A     C     1
#> 293     B     B     A     B     C     1
#> 294     B     B     A     A     B     1
#> 295     B     B     C     C     C     1
#> 296     B     B     A     A     C     1
#> 297     B     B     B     C     C     1
#> 298     B     B     A     B     C     1
#> 299     B     B     C     C     C     1
#> 300     B     B     A     B     B     1
# generating nominal data set with 300 observations (250 reference group, 50 focal)
genNLR(N = 300, itemtype = "nominal", ratio = 5, a = a, b = b)
#>     Item1 Item2 Item3 Item4 Item5 group
#> 1       A     B     A     A     B     0
#> 2       A     B     A     B     B     0
#> 3       B     B     A     A     C     0
#> 4       B     B     C     B     B     0
#> 5       B     A     C     B     C     0
#> 6       A     A     A     B     B     0
#> 7       A     B     A     A     C     0
#> 8       B     B     A     C     B     0
#> 9       A     B     A     B     C     0
#> 10      B     B     B     B     C     0
#> 11      A     B     A     C     C     0
#> 12      A     B     A     A     C     0
#> 13      B     B     C     C     C     0
#> 14      B     B     A     A     C     0
#> 15      A     B     B     B     C     0
#> 16      B     B     A     B     C     0
#> 17      A     B     A     A     B     0
#> 18      A     A     A     A     A     0
#> 19      A     B     A     A     B     0
#> 20      B     B     B     B     C     0
#> 21      A     B     A     A     C     0
#> 22      A     B     C     C     C     0
#> 23      A     B     C     B     B     0
#> 24      B     B     C     C     C     0
#> 25      A     B     B     A     C     0
#> 26      B     B     B     B     B     0
#> 27      B     B     C     B     C     0
#> 28      A     B     A     A     A     0
#> 29      A     B     A     B     C     0
#> 30      B     B     A     C     B     0
#> 31      B     B     A     A     C     0
#> 32      B     B     A     A     A     0
#> 33      A     B     A     A     B     0
#> 34      A     B     A     A     B     0
#> 35      B     B     B     B     B     0
#> 36      B     B     A     B     C     0
#> 37      A     B     B     B     C     0
#> 38      B     B     A     B     B     0
#> 39      B     B     A     A     B     0
#> 40      B     B     B     B     C     0
#> 41      B     B     B     B     B     0
#> 42      A     B     A     B     B     0
#> 43      B     B     B     C     C     0
#> 44      A     A     A     A     B     0
#> 45      B     B     A     A     C     0
#> 46      B     B     B     C     C     0
#> 47      B     B     A     A     C     0
#> 48      A     A     A     A     A     0
#> 49      B     B     B     C     C     0
#> 50      B     B     B     C     C     0
#> 51      B     B     A     A     B     0
#> 52      A     B     A     A     A     0
#> 53      B     B     A     A     C     0
#> 54      B     A     A     A     A     0
#> 55      B     A     A     B     A     0
#> 56      A     B     A     B     C     0
#> 57      A     A     A     B     A     0
#> 58      A     B     A     A     C     0
#> 59      A     B     B     A     B     0
#> 60      A     A     A     A     A     0
#> 61      A     A     A     A     B     0
#> 62      B     B     A     B     C     0
#> 63      B     B     C     B     C     0
#> 64      A     B     A     A     C     0
#> 65      A     B     A     A     A     0
#> 66      A     B     A     A     B     0
#> 67      A     B     A     A     A     0
#> 68      A     B     A     B     C     0
#> 69      B     B     A     A     B     0
#> 70      A     B     A     A     C     0
#> 71      A     B     A     A     B     0
#> 72      A     B     A     B     C     0
#> 73      A     B     A     A     C     0
#> 74      A     B     A     A     C     0
#> 75      A     B     A     A     C     0
#> 76      B     B     A     A     B     0
#> 77      A     B     A     B     B     0
#> 78      A     B     B     B     C     0
#> 79      B     B     A     A     C     0
#> 80      A     A     A     A     B     0
#> 81      B     B     A     A     C     0
#> 82      A     A     A     A     A     0
#> 83      B     B     B     B     B     0
#> 84      B     B     C     B     C     0
#> 85      B     B     C     B     B     0
#> 86      B     B     A     A     B     0
#> 87      A     B     B     A     C     0
#> 88      B     B     C     A     C     0
#> 89      B     B     C     C     C     0
#> 90      A     A     C     B     B     0
#> 91      A     B     A     A     A     0
#> 92      A     A     A     A     B     0
#> 93      A     B     A     B     B     0
#> 94      B     B     A     A     C     0
#> 95      B     B     C     A     B     0
#> 96      A     A     A     A     A     0
#> 97      A     A     A     A     B     0
#> 98      B     B     A     A     A     0
#> 99      A     B     A     A     A     0
#> 100     A     A     B     A     B     0
#> 101     A     A     A     A     C     0
#> 102     A     B     A     A     B     0
#> 103     A     B     B     A     C     0
#> 104     B     B     A     A     A     0
#> 105     A     B     A     A     A     0
#> 106     A     B     A     C     C     0
#> 107     A     B     A     B     B     0
#> 108     B     B     C     B     C     0
#> 109     B     B     A     A     C     0
#> 110     A     A     A     B     B     0
#> 111     A     B     A     A     B     0
#> 112     A     B     A     A     B     0
#> 113     B     B     A     C     C     0
#> 114     B     A     A     A     C     0
#> 115     A     B     A     A     B     0
#> 116     B     B     A     B     C     0
#> 117     B     B     A     B     C     0
#> 118     A     B     A     A     A     0
#> 119     A     B     A     A     C     0
#> 120     B     B     A     B     C     0
#> 121     B     B     A     B     B     0
#> 122     B     B     B     A     C     0
#> 123     A     A     A     A     A     0
#> 124     A     A     B     A     C     0
#> 125     B     B     B     B     B     0
#> 126     A     B     A     A     B     0
#> 127     A     B     B     A     C     0
#> 128     A     B     A     A     C     0
#> 129     A     A     A     B     C     0
#> 130     B     B     B     B     B     0
#> 131     A     B     A     A     C     0
#> 132     A     A     A     A     C     0
#> 133     B     B     C     C     C     0
#> 134     A     B     A     B     B     0
#> 135     B     B     B     B     C     0
#> 136     A     B     B     B     C     0
#> 137     A     A     A     B     C     0
#> 138     A     A     B     A     A     0
#> 139     B     B     B     A     B     0
#> 140     B     A     B     A     C     0
#> 141     A     B     A     B     C     0
#> 142     A     A     B     B     C     0
#> 143     A     B     A     A     A     0
#> 144     A     A     A     A     B     0
#> 145     B     B     B     B     C     0
#> 146     A     B     B     A     B     0
#> 147     A     A     A     A     B     0
#> 148     A     B     B     A     B     0
#> 149     A     A     A     A     B     0
#> 150     A     B     A     B     A     0
#> 151     B     A     A     A     C     0
#> 152     A     A     A     B     B     0
#> 153     B     B     B     B     C     0
#> 154     B     A     A     A     A     0
#> 155     B     B     C     A     C     0
#> 156     B     B     A     A     B     0
#> 157     A     A     C     A     C     0
#> 158     A     B     A     A     C     0
#> 159     A     A     A     A     A     0
#> 160     B     B     B     B     C     0
#> 161     B     B     B     B     C     0
#> 162     A     B     A     B     B     0
#> 163     A     B     A     B     C     0
#> 164     A     A     A     A     A     0
#> 165     A     B     B     A     C     0
#> 166     B     B     A     A     B     0
#> 167     A     B     A     B     B     0
#> 168     A     B     A     B     A     0
#> 169     A     A     C     B     C     0
#> 170     A     B     A     B     B     0
#> 171     A     B     B     A     C     0
#> 172     B     B     C     B     C     0
#> 173     B     B     C     A     B     0
#> 174     B     B     B     A     C     0
#> 175     A     B     A     A     A     0
#> 176     B     B     B     B     C     0
#> 177     A     B     A     A     B     0
#> 178     A     B     A     A     A     0
#> 179     B     B     B     B     C     0
#> 180     A     B     A     A     C     0
#> 181     A     B     A     B     B     0
#> 182     B     B     A     B     C     0
#> 183     A     B     B     A     A     0
#> 184     A     B     C     A     C     0
#> 185     A     B     A     B     C     0
#> 186     B     B     C     C     C     0
#> 187     B     B     A     A     C     0
#> 188     B     B     B     C     C     0
#> 189     B     B     B     A     C     0
#> 190     B     B     B     A     C     0
#> 191     B     B     A     A     A     0
#> 192     A     B     A     A     A     0
#> 193     B     A     A     A     C     0
#> 194     A     B     B     C     C     0
#> 195     A     B     A     A     B     0
#> 196     A     A     A     A     B     0
#> 197     A     B     C     B     C     0
#> 198     B     B     A     B     C     0
#> 199     B     B     A     A     A     0
#> 200     A     B     A     A     C     0
#> 201     A     B     A     B     C     0
#> 202     A     B     C     A     C     0
#> 203     A     A     A     B     B     0
#> 204     A     B     B     B     B     0
#> 205     B     B     A     A     B     0
#> 206     B     B     A     B     C     0
#> 207     A     B     A     B     C     0
#> 208     A     A     B     C     C     0
#> 209     B     B     B     A     C     0
#> 210     B     B     A     A     B     0
#> 211     A     B     A     B     C     0
#> 212     A     B     A     A     A     0
#> 213     A     B     A     A     C     0
#> 214     B     B     C     B     C     0
#> 215     B     B     B     B     C     0
#> 216     A     B     A     A     B     0
#> 217     B     B     B     B     C     0
#> 218     B     A     A     A     C     0
#> 219     B     B     B     B     C     0
#> 220     A     B     A     A     C     0
#> 221     A     B     A     A     A     0
#> 222     A     B     A     C     B     0
#> 223     A     B     A     A     C     0
#> 224     A     A     A     A     C     0
#> 225     A     B     A     A     A     0
#> 226     A     B     A     A     A     0
#> 227     B     B     A     A     C     0
#> 228     A     B     A     B     B     0
#> 229     A     B     A     B     C     0
#> 230     A     B     A     A     C     0
#> 231     A     B     A     B     B     0
#> 232     A     B     B     B     C     0
#> 233     B     B     A     B     C     0
#> 234     A     B     A     B     B     0
#> 235     B     B     A     C     C     0
#> 236     A     B     A     A     B     0
#> 237     A     B     A     A     C     0
#> 238     A     B     B     B     C     0
#> 239     B     B     C     B     B     0
#> 240     A     A     A     A     B     0
#> 241     B     B     A     B     C     0
#> 242     A     B     A     A     A     0
#> 243     A     B     A     C     B     0
#> 244     A     B     A     B     A     0
#> 245     B     B     A     B     C     0
#> 246     A     B     A     A     C     0
#> 247     B     B     B     B     C     0
#> 248     A     A     A     A     C     0
#> 249     A     B     A     B     C     0
#> 250     A     B     A     A     C     0
#> 251     B     B     A     B     C     1
#> 252     B     B     A     A     C     1
#> 253     B     B     C     B     C     1
#> 254     B     B     A     A     C     1
#> 255     B     A     A     B     B     1
#> 256     B     B     B     A     B     1
#> 257     B     B     A     C     C     1
#> 258     A     B     A     C     B     1
#> 259     B     B     A     B     C     1
#> 260     B     B     A     B     C     1
#> 261     B     A     A     B     C     1
#> 262     B     A     B     A     C     1
#> 263     B     B     A     B     C     1
#> 264     B     B     B     C     C     1
#> 265     B     B     A     A     C     1
#> 266     B     B     A     C     C     1
#> 267     B     B     A     C     C     1
#> 268     B     B     B     B     C     1
#> 269     B     B     B     A     C     1
#> 270     B     A     A     A     C     1
#> 271     B     B     A     A     B     1
#> 272     B     A     A     A     C     1
#> 273     B     B     B     C     C     1
#> 274     B     B     B     B     C     1
#> 275     B     B     A     C     C     1
#> 276     B     A     B     A     B     1
#> 277     B     B     A     B     B     1
#> 278     B     A     A     B     C     1
#> 279     B     B     A     A     C     1
#> 280     B     B     A     A     C     1
#> 281     B     B     A     B     C     1
#> 282     B     B     A     B     C     1
#> 283     B     A     A     A     A     1
#> 284     B     B     A     A     C     1
#> 285     B     B     A     B     C     1
#> 286     B     B     C     B     C     1
#> 287     B     A     A     B     B     1
#> 288     B     B     C     B     C     1
#> 289     B     B     C     A     C     1
#> 290     B     B     A     A     A     1
#> 291     A     B     B     B     C     1
#> 292     B     B     A     B     B     1
#> 293     B     B     A     A     B     1
#> 294     A     A     A     A     B     1
#> 295     B     B     A     B     C     1
#> 296     A     B     A     A     B     1
#> 297     B     B     A     B     A     1
#> 298     B     B     A     A     B     1
#> 299     B     A     A     B     C     1
#> 300     A     B     A     A     C     1